Unit Four: America is Expansion

THE PROMISE OF AMERICA

OBJECTIVES:
Identify ways in which Americans attempted to perfect their lives in the 1820s and 1830s.
Name major American reformers and their areas of concern.
Name the major contributors to American literature in the first half of the 1800s.
Read population maps.

I. THE SPIRIT OF FREEDOM
A. Two new views on religion were all people, not just the elect, could be saved if they improved themselves and the world. Good works, as well as faith, were necessary for salvation.
B. New religious groups that were started during the middle 1800s include The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) and Millerites.
C. Ralph Waldo Emerson developed transcendentalism.
D. Brook Farm was a utopian community where well-known transcendentalists lived.

II. THE REFORM OF AMERICAN SOCIETY
A. Radical abolitionists wanted an immediate end of slavery and freeing of all slaves.
B. What came out of the women's rights convention of 1848 was a statement calling for women's rights, modeled after the Declaration of Independence.
C. The purpose of the Lyceum movement was to provide lectures, classes, concerts, and other educational programs for people of all ages.
D. Dorothea Dix worked to change things for the mentally ill in Massachusetts as she reported to the Massachusetts legislature of the conditions under which the mentally ill were forced to live.
E. Two ways social reformers hoped to promote temperance were through education and prohibition.

III. AMERICAN LITERATURE IN THE REFORM YEARS
A. Ralph Waldo Emerson thought Americans should look for their ideas to the United States rather than to Europe.
B. Some of the major literary works of the reform years include: The Scarlet Letter ,The House of the Seven Gables ,The Courtship of Miles Standish ,Song of Hiawatha ,Voices of Freedom ,Moby Dick ,The Pit and the Pendulum ,The Murders in the Rue Morgue , and Leaves of Grass .

NEW WAYS AND NEW PEOPLE

OBJECTIVES:
Order events in the development of industry in the United States.
Name major American inventors and inventions.
Identify means of transportation in the early 1800s and tell how each was improved.
Describe the benefits and problems of city life in the early 1800s.
Summarize the effects of changing population and increased foreign immigration in the early 1800s.
Recognize the difference between fact and opinion.
Use transportation maps to determine the accessibility of a location.
Distinguish between main and secondary routes on a map.
Read a line graph.
Read a circle graph.

I. THE RISE OF INDUSTRY
A. Samuel Slater built the first textile machines in the United States.
B. Lowell, Massachusetts was the first model factory town.
C. Some major inventions of the middle 1800s were the cotton gin, the process of vulcanization, the telegraph, the sewing machine, and the reaper.
D. Coal replaced charcoal in making iron.

II. A SYSTEM OF TRANSPORTATION
A. The drawbacks of road transportation: roads were costly and slow; wagons could carry only small loads.
B. Major canals developed in the early 1800s: the Erie Canal connecting New York City with Lake Erie, canals linking the Great Lakes and the Ohio River, and canals linking Delaware and Raritan Rivers.
C. The first steamboat was developed in New York on the Hudson River.
D. Problems early railroads had were the motion and the noise were distracting, and the sparks from the fire sometimes set fire to people's clothing. Different railroads had different gauges. There was a lack of strong bridges and rails.
E. The use of the telegraph improved railroad service as messages could be sent by telegraph from station to station, giving the arrival and departure times of trains.

III. THE GROWTH OF CITIES
A. New York was the largest city in the United States in 1840.
B. The benefits of city life included more jobs and schools, libraries, operas, and plays.
C. The problems of city life were they often lacked water, adequate lighting, and police and fire protection; crowded tenements; and air pollution.
D. By the 1850s gas lighting became common in cities.

IV. THE CHANGING POPULATION
A. Most immigrants came from Ireland and Germany during the years between 1820 and 1840.
B. Most of the Irish immigrants settled in eastern cities, Germans in the Middle West.
C. The Nativist Movement was founded during the 1830s and 1840s.
D. The American Party, also known as the Know-Nothings, was a national political party formed in opposition to the immigrants.

FROM OCEAN TO OCEAN

OBJECTIVES:
List the reasons Americans began exploring and settling the West in the early 1800s.
Identify the areas added to the United States in the 1840s and 1850s,
Describe how California, other areas of the Southwest, and Oregon came to be part of the United States.
State the reasons that conflict started after Americans began moving into the Southwest.
Identify the ways in which the country's expansion changed the lives of American Indians.
Identify routes on a map.
Analyze military movement as indicated on a map.
Determine specifics of battles from information on a map.
State the purpose of and read political maps.

I. THE WESTWARD MOVEMENT
A. Explorers of the West in the early 1800s include: Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, Zebulon Pike; Stephen Long, and various fur trappers and traders.
B. A magazine editor first used the term "manifest destiny" in 1845.
C. Expansionists wanted to expand the land area of the United States.

II. ON TO OREGON
A. Countries that had early claims to Oregon were Great Britain, Russia, Spain, and the United States.
B. The United States jointly occupied Oregon with Great Britain. Oregon was later divided along the 49th parallel.
C. The Oregon Trail went from Independence, Missouri, to Oregon Country.

III. CALIFORNIA AND THE SOUTHWEST
A. Indians in California were affected by the large number of Americans moving there as many died from disease and lack of food.
B. William Becknell started the trade between Americans and the people of New Mexico.
C. Stephen Austin set up the first American settlement in Texas.
D. Texas rebelled against Mexico when Mexico ended slavery and Texans wanted to keep slaves. Also, Texans wanted more freedom in local affairs and Mexico wanted the government to control the entire country, including Texas.
E. The military leaders in the Mexican War were: Santa Anna was the President of Mexico and the military leader of the army; Sam Houston was the Texan military leader.

IV. INDIANS AND THE WESTWARD MOVEMENT
A. The introduction of the horse, by the Spaniards, was the most important change brought to Indians in the West.
B. The significance of the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 was it set the boundaries of Indian land, leading to reservations.

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