Name: 
 

14 Study Guide



Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 

 1. 

The NAACP worked to end
a.
segregation.
c.
integration.
b.
civil rights.
d.
boycotting.
 

 2. 

Thurgood Marshall argued that segregated schools violated the
a.
Fourteenth Amendment.
c.
Nineteenth Amendment.
b.
Twentieth Amendment.
d.
Fifteenth Amendment.
 

 3. 

The refusal to obey laws that are considered unjust is called
a.
integration.
c.
segregation.
b.
boycotting.
d.
civil disobedience.
 

 4. 

Who said, "Ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country"?
a.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
c.
John F. Kennedy
b.
Malcolm X
d.
Richard M. Nixon
 

 5. 

What group investigated John F. Kennedy's assassination?
a.
Kennedy Commission
c.
Oswald's Committee
b.
Warren Commission
d.
Assassination Committee
 

 6. 

What program helped fund public housing projects?
a.
VISTA
c.
Model Cities
b.
Upward Bound
d.
HUD
 

 7. 

Which leader was assassinated on April 4, 1968?
a.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
c.
Robert Kennedy
b.
Malcolm X
d.
John F. Kennedy
 

 8. 

Which organization fought for equal rights for women in all aspects of life?
a.
VISTA
c.
NOW
b.
NAACP
d.
CORE
 

 9. 

The first woman was appointed to the Supreme Court in
a.
1894.
c.
1956.
b.
1981.
d.
1911.
 

 10. 

Which group of Hispanics did César Chávez organize into the UFW?
a.
truck drivers
c.
farm owners
b.
schoolteachers
d.
farmworkers
 

 11. 

What lawyer decided to challenge the idea of "separate but equal"?
a.
Malcolm X
c.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
b.
Stokely Carmichael
d.
Thurgood Marshall
 

 12. 

The arrest of Rosa Parks led to
a.
sit-ins at lunch counters.
c.
riots in Watts.
b.
a boycott of city buses.
d.
integration of schools.
 

 13. 

Who was the leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference who emphasized nonviolent protests?
a.
Malcolm X
c.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
b.
Thurgood Marshall
d.
Rosa Parks
 

 14. 

President Lyndon B. Johnson declared an unconditional war on
a.
Communists.
c.
segregation.
b.
integration.
d.
poverty.
 

 15. 

What program helps pay for medical care for senior citizens?
a.
Medicare
c.
Upward Bound
b.
VISTA
d.
Medicaid
 

 16. 

Who was the governor who tried to block the entrance of James Meredith into the University of Mississippi?
a.
Orval Faubus
c.
Robert Kennedy
b.
Ross Barnett
d.
George Wallace
 

 17. 

Who was a leader of the Black Muslims?
a.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
c.
Malcolm X
b.
Stokely Carmichael
d.
Ella Baker
 

 18. 

The first of a series of racial riots that hit cities in 1965 was in
a.
Baltimore, Maryland.
c.
Harlem in New York City.
b.
New Orleans, Louisiana.
d.
Watts in Los Angeles.
 

 19. 

The Equal Rights Amendment
a.
passed in 1971.
c.
was never ratified.
b.
was supported by all states.
d.
became part of the Constitution.
 

 20. 

What Native American organization protested civil rights violations?
a.
AIM
c.
UFW
b.
CORE
d.
NAACP
 
 
“. . . Segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children. The impact is greater when it has the sanction of the law; for the policy of separating the races is usually interpreted as denoting the inferiority of the Negro group. A sense of inferiority affects the motivation of a child to learn. Segregation with the sanction of law, therefore has a tendency to [retard] the educational and mental development of Negro children and to deprive them of some of the benefits they would receive in a racial[ly] integrated school system.
“. . . We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of "separate but equal" has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.
Brown v. Topeka Board of Education, May 17, 1954
 

 21. 

mc021-1.jpg The Brown v. Topeka Board of Education decision ruled that the “separate but equal” doctrine violated the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by _____.
a.
Plessy v. Ferguson
c.
the Fourteenth Amendment
b.
the Declaration of Independence
d.
the First Amendment
 

 22. 

mc022-1.jpg According to this ruling, what affects the motivation of a child to learn?
a.
a sense of inferiority
c.
public education
b.
an integrated school system
d.
the sanction of law
 
 
“He raised his bayonet, and then the other guards moved in and raised their bayonets.”
–Elizabeth Eckford, recalling 1957
 

 23. 

mc023-1.jpg Why were soldiers stationed at Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, when Elizabeth Eckford arrived there in 1957?
a.
The Arkansas National Guard was called out to protect African American students entering the school.
b.
President Eisenhower had sent in federal marshals to prevent destruction of property during possible riots.
c.
The Arkansas National Guard was called out to prevent African American students from entering the school.
d.
After staging war games in the Little Rock area, the army was presenting recruiting information to students.
 
 
“. . .The proper use of the powers of the executive branch to enforce the orders of a federal court is limited to extraordinary and compelling circumstances. Manifestly, such an extreme situation has been created in Little Rock. This challenge must be met and with such measures as will preserve to the people as a whole their lawfully protected rights in a climate permitting their free and fair exercise.
“The overwhelming majority of our people in every section of the country are united in their respect for observance of the law—even in those cases where they may disagree with that law. . . .”
 

 24. 

mc024-1.jpg In this excerpt from a 1957 speech by President Dwight D. Eisenhower to the nation, the “measures” the president mentions that he took were _____.
a.
to close the school and send the students home
b.
to send hundreds of federal soldiers to patrol the school grounds and protect the African American students
c.
to remove martial law in Little Rock and institute a curfew
d.
to overrule the Arkansas state legislature and jail hundreds of protesters without bail
 
 
“We’re here because, first and foremost, we are American citizens, and we are determined to apply our citizenship to the fullness of its meaning.
“...And you know, ...there comes a time when people get tired of being trampled over by the iron feet of oppression.”
–Martin Luther King, Jr.
 

 25. 

mc025-1.jpg In this excerpt from an early speech in 1955, King made a strong impression on listeners at a meeting to organize a ______ of buses in Montgomery, Alabama.
a.
strike
c.
slow-down
b.
sabotaging
d.
boycott
 
 
“In the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger. I do not shrink from this responsibility—I welcome it. I do not believe that any of us would exchange places with any other people or any other generation. The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it—and the glow from that fire can truly light the world.
“. . . With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love, asking His blessing and His help, but knowing that here on earth God's work must truly be our own.”
–January 1961
 

 26. 

mc026-1.jpg This excerpt is from a memorable speech by  _____, who won the presidency in 1960.
a.
John F. Kennedy
c.
Harry Truman
b.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
d.
Richard M. Nixon
 
 
“We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed. . . . For years now I have heard the word ‘Wait!’ It rings in the ear of every Negro with piercing familiarity. This ‘Wait’ has almost always meant ‘Never.’ We must come to see, with one of our distinguished jurists that ‘justice too long delayed is justice denied.’”
–Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., 1963
 

 27. 

mc027-1.jpg Which statement best describes what King means in this excerpt?
a.
Civil rights will gradually be achieved.
b.
Struggling for desegregation is excessive.
c.
Some day everyone will have freedom.
d.
Racial equality must be demanded now.
 
 
“In a land of great wealth, families must not live in hopeless poverty. In a land rich in harvest, children must not go hungry. . . . In a great land of learning and scholars, young people must be taught to read and write.”
 

 28. 

mc028-1.jpg In this excerpt President Lyndon B. Johnson explains part of the vision for his _____ programs.
a.
New Frontier
c.
Medicare
b.
Upward Bound
d.
Great Society
 
 
“We are going to pass a civil rights bill if it takes all summer.”
–President Lyndon B. Johnson
 

 29. 

mc029-1.jpg This statement by Johnson was addressed to Congress in _____.
a.
1962
c.
1964
b.
1963
d.
1965
 
 
“We believe since we buy books and papers in the other part of the store, we should get served in this part.”
–February 1, 1960
 

 30. 

mc030-1.jpg This remark, made to a waitress in a store in Greensboro, North Carolina, by an African American student sitting at a “whites-only” lunch counter, began a _____ protest against segregation.
a.
boycott
c.
school
b.
sit-in
d.
bus
 
 
“We have been cooling off for 350 years. If we cool off any more, we will be in a deep freeze.”
–James Farmer, leader of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
 

 31. 

mc031-1.jpg This quotation was the response when, after violence erupted in Alabama, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy asked that _____ be stopped for a “cooling-off period.”
a.
lunch counter sit-ins
c.
protest marches
b.
Freedom Rides
d.
bus boycotts
 
 
“ . . .But freedom is not enough. You do not wipe away the scars of centuries by saying: Now you are free to go where you want, do as you desire, and choose the leaders you please.
“You do not take a person who, for years, has been hobbled by chains and liberate him, bring him up to the starting line of a race and then say, ‘You are free to compete with all the others,’ and still justly believe that you have been completely fair.
“Thus it is not enough just to open the gates of opportunity. All of our citizens must have the ability to walk through those gates. . . .”
–President Lyndon B. Johnson, speech at Howard University, June 4, 1965
 

 32. 

mc032-1.jpg In this excerpt from his speech, Johnson is saying that the nation needs to _____.
a.
rejoice that freedom is available to Americans of all colors and beliefs
b.
work to make available equal opportunities for African Americans
c.
remember that freedom must be earned by sacrifice and hard work
d.
continue to fight for higher wages for factory workers
 
 
“[E]quality under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.”
 

 33. 

mc033-1.jpg This excerpt is from the _____, which the National Organization for Women (NOW) campaigned for during the early 1970s.
a.
Fifteenth Amendment
c.
Equal Rights Amendment
b.
Nineteenth Amendment
d.
Twenty-eighth Amendment
 

 34. 

mc034-1.jpg What was the final outcome of this amendment?
a.
It was never added to the ballot to be voted on.
b.
The amendment was added to the Constitution.
c.
It gave women equal pay for the same work.
d.
Not enough states ratified the amendment to make it a law.
 
 
“We have been farm workers for hundreds of years . . . We did not choose the grape boycott, but we had chosen to leave our peonage, poverty, and despair behind. Though our first bid for freedom, the strike, was weakened, we would not turn back. The boycott was the only way forward the growers left to us. We called upon our fellow men and were answered by consumers who said—as all men of conscience must—that they would no longer allow their tables to be subsidized by our sweat and our sorrow: they shunned the grapes, fruit of our affliction.”
–Grape workers’ proclamation, El Malcriado, April 15, 1969
 

 35. 

mc035-1.jpg This call for a nationwide grape boycott by the Delano Grape Workers aimed to influence _____ to increase farm workers’ wages and improve their working conditions.
a.
the President
c.
supermarkets
b.
grape growers
d.
restaurant owners
 
 
“ . . . I would have been here tonight to speak to you directly, but I felt that perhaps I could be of better use if I went to Wounded Knee to help forestall in whatever way I can the establishment of a peace which would be dishonorable as long as the rivers shall run and the grass shall grow.
“I would hope that those who are listening would not look upon this as a rude intrusion, but as an earnest effort to focus attention on an issue that might very well determine whether or not this country has the right to say from this point forward we believe in the inalienable rights of all people to remain free and independent on lands that have supported their life beyond living memory. . . .”
The New York Times, March 30, 1973
 

 36. 

mc036-1.jpg This excerpt from a statement read on behalf of actor Marlon Brando at the Academy Awards ceremony, calls attention to _____.
a.
racial discrimination against African Americans
b.
the war in Vietnam
c.
the violation of Native Americans’ civil rights
d.
environmental pollution
 
 
nar015-1.jpg
 

 37. 

mc037-1.jpg Based on the time line, who was president of the United States when the Montgomery bus boycott began?
a.
Dwight Eisenhower
c.
Lyndon Johnson
b.
John Kennedy
d.
Fidel Castro
 
 
nar016-1.jpg
 

 38. 

mc038-1.jpg Based on the information on the map, complete the following statement with one of the choices below. Segregation was prohibited ______.
a.
in all the Northeastern states
b.
south of the Mason-Dixon line
c.
in every state that bordered the Pacific Ocean
d.
in every state that bordered one of the Great Lakes
 

 39. 

mc039-1.jpg School segregation was dealt with in the fewest states in which of the following ways?
a.
segregated by law
c.
segregation prohibited
b.
local districts decided
d.
no specific legislation
 
 
nar017-1.jpg
 

 40. 

mc040-1.jpg Based on the information in the causes-and-effects chart, which of the following towns was a site of conflict in 1957?
a.
Montgomery, Alabama
c.
Little Rock, Arkansas
b.
Washington, D.C.
d.
Newark, New Jersey
 
 
nar018-1.jpg
 

 41. 

mc041-1.jpg Study the map. The air route of the Freedom Riders connected which two cities?
a.
Washington D.C. & Birmingham
c.
New Orleans & Birmingham
b.
Washington D.C. & New Orleans
d.
Nashville & Jackson
 

 42. 

mc042-1.jpg The second group of Freedom Riders began their journey in what city?
a.
Jackson, MS
c.
Columbia, SC
b.
Nashville, TN
d.
Richmond, VA
 
 
nar019-1.jpg
 

 43. 

mc043-1.jpg The number of African Americans registered to vote declined in which state between 1960 and 1966?
a.
Mississippi
c.
Florida
b.
Alabama
d.
none of the above
 

 44. 

mc044-1.jpg In which state was African American voter registration closest to 50 percent in 1966?
a.
North Carolina
c.
Alabama
b.
South Carolina
d.
Georgia
 
 
nar020-1.jpg
 

 45. 

mc045-1.jpg Based on the time line, in which of the following years was segregation outlawed in public schools?
a.
1946
c.
1954
b.
1950
d.
1969
 

 46. 

mc046-1.jpg Use the time line to answer the question. Which of the following cases allowed segregation if it was “equal but separate”?
a.
Dred Scott v. Sanford
c.
Morgan v. Virginia
b.
Plessy v. Ferguson
d.
Sweatt v. Painter
 
 
nar021-1.jpg
 

 47. 

mc047-1.jpg Based on the chart, what group of women was paid the least in 2005?
a.
all women
c.
Latina women
b.
Native American women
d.
African American women
 
 
The Sequence of
Presidential Succession
  1.  Vice President
  2.  Speaker of the House
  3.  President Pro Tempore of the Senate
  4.  Secretary of State
  5.  Secretary of the Treasury
  6. Secretary of Defense
  7.  Attorney General
  8.  Secretary of the Interior
  9. Secretary of Agriculture
10. Secretary of Commerce
11. Secretary of Labor
12. Secretary of Health and Human Services
13. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
14. Secretary of Transportation
15. Secretary of Energy
16. Secretary of Education
 

 48. 

mc048-1.jpg Based on the chart, which of the following offices does not follow the Secretary of Agriculture in the sequence of presidential succession?
a.
Attorney General
c.
Secretary of Labor
b.
Secretary of Energy
d.
Secretary of Commerce
 

 49. 

mc049-1.jpg Who directly precedes the Attorney General in the sequence of presidential succession?
a.
Secretary of State
c.
Secretary of the Interior
b.
Vice President
d.
Secretary of Defense
 

Completion
Complete each statement.
 

 50. 

____________________ was the chief lawyer for the NAACP in 1952.
 

 

 51. 

The first state government since the Civil War to challenge federal authority was that of ____________________.
 

 

 52. 

Both Martin Luther King, Jr., and Mohandas Gandhi believed in ____________________ protest.
 

 

 53. 

John F. Kennedy was elected to the United States Senate in ____________________ and again in 1958.
 

 

 54. 

The two candidates for president in the 1960 election were _______________.
 

 

 55. 

The Johnson Administration passed a ____________________ law that helped poor people pay their hospital bills.
 

 

 56. 

Sit-ins in 80 cities launched a new civil rights group, the ____________, encouraged by activist Ella Baker.
 

 

 57. 

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was a result of a protest in ____________________.
 

 

 58. 

Black Muslim leader, __________________, criticized the civil rights goal of integration.
 

 

 59. 

In 1981 Sandra Day O’Connor was appointed as the first female ____________.
 

 

 60. 

Most Cuban Americans who came to the United States settled in ____________________.
 

 

 61. 

In 1969 several Native American groups banded together and took over ____________________.
 

 

Matching
 
 
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a.
New Frontier
d.
head start
b.
CORE
e.
James Meredith
c.
Rosa Parks
 

 62. 

inspired city bus boycott
 

 63. 

John F. Kennedy's domestic policies
 

 64. 

preschool for poor children
 

 65. 

sponsored Freedom Riders
 

 66. 

attended University of Mississippi
 
 
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a.
Medicare
d.
integration
b.
segregation
e.
Great Society
c.
sit-in
 

 67. 

racial separation of people
 

 68. 

bringing races together
 

 69. 

Lyndon B. Johnson's social program
 

 70. 

helped pay for medical care for senior citizens
 

 71. 

protesting students at a lunch counter
 
 
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a.
NOW
d.
Americans with disabilities
b.
UFW
e.
AIM
c.
LULAC
 

 72. 

fought for better conditions for migrant workers
 

 73. 

fought for rights of Latinos
 

 74. 

fought for equal rights for women
 

 75. 

occupied Wounded Knee, SD
 

 76. 

gained better access to public facilities
 

Short Answer
 
 
nar023-1.jpg
 

 77. 

sa077-1.jpg  Within this diagram, how many things did Gandhi and King have in common?
 

 78. 

sa078-1.jpg  Who influenced King's thinking?
 

 79. 

sa079-1.jpg  What do you think Gandhi meant by his famous quote?
 

 80. 

sa080-1.jpg  What philosophy did Gandhi and King share?
 

 81. 

sa081-1.jpg  Who influenced Gandhi's thinking?
 

 82. 

sa082-1.jpg  What do you think King meant by his famous quote?
 
 
“. . . In a sense, the Negro [African American] is classically the "other" American, degraded and frustrated at every turn and not just because of laws. . . .
“The Negro is poor because he is black; that is obvious enough. But, perhaps more importantly, the Negro is black because he is poor. The laws against color can be removed, but that will leave the poverty that is the historic and institutionalized consequence of color. As long as this is the case, being born a Negro will continue to be the most profound disability that the United States imposes upon a citizen. . . .
“Negroes in the United States are concentrated in the worst, dirtiest, lowest-paying jobs. A third continue to live in the rural South, most of them merely subsisting within a culture of poverty and a society of open terror. A third live in Southern cities and a third in Northern cities, and these have bettered their lot compared to the sharecroppers. But they are still the last hired and the first fired, and they are particularly vulnerable to recessions.”
                        –Michael Harrington, The Other America, 1962
 

 83. 

sa083-1.jpg  Why does Harrington say in this passage that African Americans are “classically” the “other,” or neglected, Americans?
 
 
“The heart of the question is whether all Americans are to be afforded equal rights and equal opportunities, whether we are going to treat our fellow Americans as we want to be treated. If an American, because his skin is dark, cannot . . . enjoy the full and free life which all of us want, then who among us would be content to have the color of his skin changed and stand in his place?”
–President John F. Kennedy
 

 84. 

sa084-1.jpg  This excerpt is from a televised address President Kennedy made to the nation soon after what violent event had taken place on June 11, 1963 in Jackson, Mississippi?
 
 
nar018-1.jpg
 

 85. 

sa085-1.jpg  Based on the information on the map, the Freedom Riders were active in what month of what year?
 
 
nar019-1.jpg
 

 86. 

sa086-1.jpg  Based on the information above, by how much did African American voter registration increase in Virginia between 1960 and 1966?
 

 87. 

What does the doctrine “separate but equal mean”?
 

 88. 

Why did Governor Orval Faubus of Arkansas, send armed members of the state’s National Guard to Central High School in Little Rock in 1957?
 

 89. 

How did President Eisenhower respond to Governor Faubus’s actions?
 

 90. 

What did the organizers of the Montgomery bus boycott hope to accomplish?
 

 91. 

What is civil disobedience?
 

 92. 

In campaigning for the presidency, what did John F. Kennedy promise he would do if elected?
 

 93. 

What did the Republican candidate, Vice President Richard M. Nixon, promise to do?
 

 94. 

Why did some people oppose Kennedy because of his Roman Catholic religion?
 

 95. 

What were the findings of the Warren Commission?
 

 96. 

What did President Johnson use to get his “Great Society” programs through Congress so quickly?
 

 97. 

Who usually participated in sit-ins?
 

 98. 

What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlaw?
 

 99. 

How did the focus of the civil rights movement change after passage of the Voting Rights Act?
 

 100. 

Who was murdered in Memphis, TN in the evening of April 4, 1968, and what happened as a result?
 

 101. 

Although rejected by the NAACP as too radical, Black Power became popular where?
 

 102. 

How did a consumer boycott of grapes, lettuce, and other farm produce affect migrant workers?
 

 103. 

What was the purpose of the Equal Pay Act?
 

 104. 

Why did AIM seize the town of Wounded Knee?
 

 105. 

Why did many people oppose the Equal Rights Amendment?
 

 106. 

Who are Latinos?
 

Essay
 

 107. 

What factors helped make John F. Kennedy a strong presidential candidate?
 

 108. 

What four areas did President Johnson address in his set of programs known as the Great Society?
 

 109. 

What happened during the integration of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1957, and how has this affected education today?
 

 110. 

Why did the leaders of the American Indian Movement choose Wounded Knee, South Dakota, as the site of a protest, and what was the outcome of the protest?
 

 111. 

What was the lasting significance of the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas?
 

 112. 

Describe the August 28, 1963 march on Washington, D.C., organized by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and the SCLC.
 



 
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