Unit Five: America is Division

A DIVIDED NATION

OBJECTIVES:
Identify the social, economic, and political differences that separated North from South.
Tell how slavery developed in the South.
Distinguish between northern and southern attitudes towards slavery.
Describe the efforts to compromise on the issue of the expansion of slavery.
Order the events leading to southern secession.
Interpret maps.
Read and compare historical maps.
Differentiate between the political terms "majority" and "plurality."

I. SECTIONAL DIFFERENCES
A. The North developed an industrial economy.
B. The South was where slaves were most important.
C. The South strongly supported states' rights.
D. The North favored high tariffs to protect American industries from imported goods.
E. The South opposed high tariffs because they imported most of its manufactured goods.

II. THE PECULIAR INSTITUTION
A. The invention of the cotton gin increased the demand for slaves.
B. Most slaves came from the West coast of Africa.
C. The number of slaves in the United States changed between 1820 and 1850 as they increased from 1.5 million to over 3 million.
D. Most slaves worked in agriculture, but some worked in mines, on railroads, or in crafts.
E. Some people who did not own slaves favored slavery because they felt it was the only way to control blacks and allow blacks and whites to live together.
F. The goals of the abolitionists were to end slavery and receive equal treatment.

III. SLAVERY AND POLITICS
A. The position the major political parties took on the issue of slavery before the 1840s was they tried to keep slavery out of politics.
B. The purpose of the Free-Soil party was to bring the question of expansion of slavery to the country's attention.
C. The Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850 were two compromises that attempted to settle the issue of slavery.
D. The North and South gained from each compromise. The Missouri Compromise admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. In addition, slavery would not be allowed in the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36 degrees 30'. the Compromise of 1850 admitted California as a free state, granted popular sovereignty in the territories, ended the slave trade in the District of Columbia, and instituted the Fugitive Slave Act.

IV. THE ROAD TO DISUNION
A. The Fugitive Slave Act stated that federal law officers were to help return runaway slaves to the South.
B. Harriet Beecher Stowe, the author of Uncle Tom's Cabin , was opposed to slavery.
C. The Republican party was founded in 1854.
D. Many southern slaveowners favored the Supreme Court's Dred Scott decision because it supported southern views on the spread of slavery.
E. The position on slavery shown by the Kansas Act and by the concept of popular sovereignty was they suggested that the people of a territory could vote on the issue of slavery.

V. THE FINAL BREAK
A. The Democratic party in 1860 split into northern and southern groups. Each nominated a different candidate for President.
B. The candidates for president in 1860 were: Abraham Lincoln, Stephen Douglas, John C. Breckenridge, and John Bell.
C. The states that left the Union to form the Confederate States of America include: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.

THE CIVIL WAR

OBJECTIVES:
Order the events leading to the Civil War.
List the states that made up the Confederacy.
Distinguish between Union and Confederate strategies and advantages.
Identify the major events of the Civil War.
Name the major Union and Confederate leaders.
Describe the effects of the Civil War on Northerners and Southerners.
Explain how the North defeated the South and ended the Civil War.
Gather information.
Analyze information on graphs.
Differentiate between types of scale.
Recognize speeches as primary sources.

I. OPENING GUNS
A. The Civil War began on April 12, 1861, at Fort Sumter, South Carolina.
B. States that had seceded from the union after the start of the war were Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia.
C. Slave states that remained in the Union include Missouri, Kentucky, Delaware, and Maryland.
D. European countries the Confederacy hoped to get aid from were Great Britain and France.

II. FROM PLANS TO ACTION
A. The leading Union generals were Irvin McDowell, Ulysses S. Grant, and George McClellan. Confederate generals include Robert E. Lee, Thomas Jackson, Joseph Johnston, Pierre Beauregard, and Albert Johnston.
B. The Union captured the western forts of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson.
C. Early Confederate victories were at the First Battle of Bull Run and the Second Battle of Bull Run.
D. Nearly 200,000 blacks joined Union forces.
E. The Emancipation Proclamation affected slaves in that as Union armies took over more areas in the South, thousands of slaves were freed.

III. WAR ON THE HOME FRONT
A. The roles of women during the war were they set up volunteer aid societies, acted as spies, served as nurses, and helped to provide food and other supplies.
B. Industries that made a profit from the war were those that made iron, cannons, movable bridges, and locomotives.
C. Food prices rose in the South during the war because the blockade of the southern coast made food scarce and prices went up.
D. The North and South paid for the war by selling bonds, issued paper money, took out loans, and passed taxes.
E. Steps taken to provide soldiers include recruitment, draft, and bounties.
F. Laws Congress passed during the war: Kansas entered the Union as a state. A protective tariff and the Homestead Act were passed.

IV. HIGH POINT OF THE CONFEDERACY
A. Major battles fought in late 1862 and 1863: Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, and Vicksburg.
B. The Battle of Gettysburg stopped the Confederate invasion.
C. The victory at Vicksburg was important to the Union as it split the South and gave control of the Mississippi River to the Union.

V. ROAD TO APPOMATTOX
A. Grant commanded the Army of the Potomac in 1864.
B. The capture of Atlanta was important to the North because it was an important manufacturing and transportation center for the Confederacy.
C. General Lee's surrender was on April 9, 1865, at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia.
D. President Lincoln was assassinated on April 14, 1865.

REBUILDING THE NATION

OBJECTIVES:
Distinguish between the Reconstruction programs of Presidents Lincoln and Johnson.
Tell how congressional Reconstruction was instituted.
Identify the events leading to President Johnson's impeachment.
Describe the effects Reconstruction had on southern blacks and whites.
Order the events leading to the Compromise of 1877.
Tell how the Compromise of 1877 affected southern blacks.
Draw conclusions from primary sources.
Interpret geographic and statistical data on a thematic map.
Interpret election results from a map.

I. PRESIDENT VERSUS CONGRESS
A. There was conflict between President Lincoln and Congress because they disagreed over which branch of the government should direct Reconstruction.
B. The Radical Republicans were the members of Congress who thought Lincoln's plan of Reconstruction was too mild.
C. President Lincoln used a pocket-veto to keep the Wade-Davis Bill from becoming law.
D. Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction plan was similar to Lincoln's.
E. President Johnson and Congress disagreed in that the Radicals were angry because Johnson formed a plan on his own; they considered Johnson's plan as too easy on the South.

II. CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION
A. The Freedman's Bureau was meant to help all needy people in the South, although the freed slaves were its main concern.
B. Black codes restricted southern blacks as they could not vote, testify against whites in court, serve on juries, or hold certain jobs.
C. Tennessee was the first southern state to return to the Union.
D. President Johnson was impeached because Radicals charged Johnson with breaking the Tenure of Office Act.
E. The result of Johnson's trial was he was acquitted.

III. RECONSTRUCTION AND THE POSTWAR SOUTH
A. Former slaves hope to gain land, education, and the rights to vote , and hold public office from the Reconstruction Acts passed by Congress.
B. Groups southern blacks generally supported during Reconstruction were the Republicans.
C. Southern whites opposed the new Republican governments and carpetbaggers, scalawags, and untrained blacks in government.
D. The Ku Klux Klan was formed to scare blacks and their supporters.

IV. THE END OF RECONSTRUCTION
A. President Grant's view of Reconstruction was he favored Radical Reconstruction and black rights.
B. The scandals during President Grant's term of office hurt the Republican party, which had lost most of its power in the South.
C. Reconstruction ended in 1877.
D. The Compromise of 1877 affected southern blacks as they lost political rights and economic opportunities.

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