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3 Study Guide Earth's Human and Cultural Geography

Matching
 
 
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a.
internal migration
f.
Agricultural Revolution
b.
developed
g.
geographer
c.
emigration
h.
Buddhism
d.
tariff
i.
ethnocentrism
e.
archaeologist
j.
Hinduism
 

 1. 

 to leave one’s home country to move to another
 

 2. 

 uses historical objects of a culture to understand the past
 

 3. 

 Siddhartha Gautama founded this religion
 

 4. 

 movement of people from farms and villages to cities
 

 5. 

 belief that one’s culture is superior to other cultures
 

 6. 

 country with a mix of agriculture, manufacturing, and service industries
 

 7. 

 led people to create civilizations
 

 8. 

 tax on imported goods
 

 9. 

 looks at physical objects, such as food and housing, to study a culture
 

 10. 

 religion whose followers believe in reincarnation
 
 
Match each item with the correct statement below.
a.
family
f.
Muhammad
b.
Muslim traders
g.
democracy
c.
trade
h.
refugees
d.
socialization
i.
Abraham
e.
fossil fuels
j.
dialect
 

 11. 

 people w ho flee to another country to escape war or persecution
 

 12. 

 most important social group in all cultures
 

 13. 

 process by which people adjust their behavior to meet the rules of the culture
 

 14. 

 oil, coal, and natural gas
 

 15. 

 power is held by the people
 

 16. 

 founder of Islam
 

 17. 

 allows nations to import and export goods
 

 18. 

 early leader of Judaism
 

 19. 

 local form of a language
 

 20. 

 example of cultural diffusion
 

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 

 21. 
In the late 1990s, 2 million refugees fled mass killings in ____.
a.
Nigeria
c.
Rwanda
b.
Namibia
d.
Botswana
 

 22. 
Which of the following is expected to experience the largest population growth by the year 2050?
a.
Latin America
c.
Africa
b.
China
d.
United States and Canada
 

 23. 
How is population density measured?
a.
total population divided by total land area
b.
average population plus total land area
c.
total land area divided by total population
d.
average land area plus total population
 

 24. 
Which of the follow statements about population density is true?
a.
The population density of Buenos Aires is lower than that of Argentina.
b.
Norway’s population density is higher than that of Malaysia.
c.
Mongolia has a high population density.
d.
Population density represents an average.
 

 25. 
Trade, migration, and conquest led to ____.
a.
river valley civilizations
c.
cultural diffusion
b.
representative democracies
d.
developing countries
 

 26. 
Which of the following is a pull factor for migration?
a.
shortage of farmland
c.
shortage of jobs
b.
lure of jobs
d.
natural disaster
 

 27. 
Which of the following is a renewable resource?
a.
timber
c.
natural gas
b.
coal
d.
iron ore
 

 28. 
In which economic system do supply and demand guide choices?
a.
market economy
c.
traditional economy
b.
command economy
d.
communist economy
 

 29. 
South Korea, Thailand, and Singapore are examples of ____.
a.
developed countries
c.
newly industrialized countries
b.
developing countries
d.
industrialized countries
 

 30. 
A barrier to trade that limits the number of imported items from a certain country is a ____.
a.
tariff
c.
subsidy
b.
pact
d.
quota
 
 
nar001-1.jpg
 

 31. 
mc031-1.jpgWhich type of government does Japan have?
a.
direct democracy
c.
constitutional monarchy
b.
representative democracy
d.
dictatorship
 

 32. 
mc032-1.jpgCitizens hold power in all of the following types of governments EXCEPT ____.
a.
constitutional monarchy
c.
direct democracy
b.
absolute monarchy
d.
representative democracy
 

 33. 
mc033-1.jpgIn which of the following do citizens elect representatives who make laws?
a.
direct democracy
c.
dictatorship
b.
absolute monarchy
d.
constitutional monarchy
 
 
Gasoline prices jumped in 2006. U.S. drivers saw prices at the pump reach $3 per gallon. At some point, however, even this price may seem inexpensive. Several reasons account for the high cost of oil. The first is that the demand for oil has risen sharply. Industrialized countries like the United States are demanding it, but now emerging countries—China and India, for example—are competing to buy it. Oil is needed to power many more vehicles in the world than ever before. A huge number of oil-based products are also being manufactured, including CDs, cars, house paint, bicycle helmets, telephones, golf balls, and contact lenses. Another reason for the high cost of oil is that oil supplies are not growing larger.
 

 34. 
mc034-1.jpgWhat is one reason for the high price of oil?
a.
increased supply
c.
increased demand
b.
competition among suppliers
d.
increase in oil substitutes
 

 35. 
mc035-1.jpgWhat does this statement in the excerpt mean: “oil supplies are not growing larger”?
a.
Oil is a nonrenewable resource.
c.
There is a shortage of oil.
b.
Oil is a fossil fuel.
d.
Oil is a natural resource.
 

 36. 
mc036-1.jpgWhat is a significant result of China and India “emerging”?
a.
More golf balls are being produced.
b.
Oil has been discovered in the two countries.
c.
More automobiles need oil.
d.
More people can afford contact lenses.
 

 37. 
Approximately how many people inhabit the Earth today?
a.
more than 6 billion
c.
less than 4 billion
b.
less than 5 billion
d.
more than 20 billion
 

 38. 
The type of migration that results in urbanization is known as ____.
a.
immigration
c.
international migration
b.
internal migration
d.
emigration
 

 39. 
Approximately what percentage of the Earth’s surface is covered by land?
a.
30 percent
c.
55 percent
b.
10 percent
d.
45 percent
 

 40. 
What form of government exists when a leader uses the military to rule by force?
a.
dictatorship
c.
democracy
b.
monarchy
d.
limited government
 

 41. 
What can be used to measure the success of an economy?
a.
population density
c.
the death rate
b.
people’s quality of life
d.
the form of government
 

 42. 
Which of the following countries is a world leader in the use of solar energy?
a.
United States
c.
France
b.
Germany
d.
China
 

 43. 
The world remained largely agricultural until the ____.
a.
Agricultural Revolution
c.
1700s
b.
river valley civilizations arose
d.
Internet was invented
 

 44. 
Native Americans’ use of the horse is an example of ____.
a.
socialization
c.
ethnocentrism
b.
internal migration
d.
cultural diffusion
 

 45. 
Which of the following is a developing country?
a.
Guatemala
c.
Thailand
b.
Singapore
d.
South Korea
 

 46. 
Why are tariffs barriers to trade?
a.
All items are affected by tariffs.
b.
Tariffs make imported items more expensive.
c.
Tariffs cause people to purchase more expensive items.
d.
Tariffs limit the amount of items imported from a certain country.
 
 
nar003-1.jpg
 

 47. 
mc047-1.jpgWho makes key decisions in a command economy?
a.
the government
c.
individuals
b.
no one; resources are shared
d.
private businesses
 

 48. 
mc048-1.jpgHow are goods and services exchanged in a traditional economy?
a.
through prices and wages
c.
through barter
b.
through government regulation
d.
through shortages and surpluses
 

 49. 
mc049-1.jpgHow are prices and wages determined in a market economy?
a.
by government control
c.
by customs and traditions
b.
by supply and demand
d.
through federal agencies
 
 
   In Native American cultures, birds of prey, especially eagles, are represented in numerous artifacts and legends. The Thunderbird is present throughout North American Indian legends. The form of the Thunderbird is typically a huge eagle or vulture-type bird that exists in the heavens. The bird was believed to cause thunder as it flew, and some Native American nations considered it to be the Great Spirit itself. It was said that if you saw an eagle while you were praying or participating in a ceremony, your prayers would be answered. Some nations believed that the eagle carried prayers directly to the Great Creator.

Source: Native Americans and Eagles. www.indiana.edu/~bradwood/eagles/native.htm.
 

 50. 
mc050-1.jpgWhat aspect of culture does this excerpt represent?
a.
socialization
c.
history
b.
language
d.
arts
 

 51. 
mc051-1.jpgWhat did Native Americans believe would happen if you saw an eagle while praying?
a.
Ancestors would honor your request.
b.
Other birds of prey would intercede on your behalf.
c.
Your prayer would be answered.
d.
The Great Spirit would come to you.
 

 52. 
mc052-1.jpgIn Native American legend, the Thunderbird ____.
a.
exists only when one prays
c.
is a songbird
b.
carries prayers to the Great Creator
d.
is rarely seen on artifacts
 
 
Immigration
Country
Number of Immigrants
Percentage of Total Number of Immigrants in the World
United States
38,355,000
20.56
Russia
12,080,000
6.474
Germany
10,144,000
5.437
Ukraine
6,833,000
3.662
France
6,471,000
3.468
Saudi Arabia
6,361,000
3.409
Canada
6,106,000
3.272
India
5,700,000
3.055
United Kingdom
5,408,000
2.898
Spain
4,790,000
2.567
Source: United Nations World Population Policies, 2005.
 

 53. 
mc053-1.jpgAccording to the chart, which of the following is true?
a.
Germany has one half the immigrants of the United States.
b.
Western Europe has the second-largest number of immigrants in the world.
c.
Almost as many immigrants live in Russia as in Germany.
d.
Only 90,000 more immigrants live in Saudi Arabia than France.
 

 54. 
mc054-1.jpgAlmost 45 million immigrants live ____.
a.
in North America
c.
in Europe
b.
in Russia and Ukraine
d.
in Southwest Asia
 

 55. 
mc055-1.jpgWhich countries have more than 10 percent of the world’s immigrants?
a.
Germany and France
b.
Spain, the United Kingdom, and France
c.
Russia and Germany
d.
Saudi Arabia and Ukraine
 

 56. 
mc056-1.jpgAccording to the chart, which of the following statements is true?
a.
The United States and Germany together have as many immigrants as all the other countries combined.
b.
Europe has the greatest number of immigrants.
c.
North America has 40 percent of all the world’s immigrants.
d.
Russia has about the same number of immigrants as India and Canada combined.
 
 

    In Beijing, some four million bikes now compete for road space with more than two million cars, and a quick glance at the newly widened boulevards, overpasses, and ring roads of the capital clearly shows which means of transport has been getting priority.
    “The government does not have a policy for encouraging bicycle riding,” Amanda Cui of the Beijing environmental group, the Global Village, told AFP. “They want to encourage private cars and public transportation. The government's car policy is viewed as a pillar of the economy and will not change because of environmental concerns.”
    But the rise of auto-emitted pollution is growing at an alarming rate in Chinese cities. China is the world's second-largest emitter of greenhouse gases, and the price of oil could soon become prohibitively high for many of China's car owners.
    Beijing's bicycle lanes, once some of the nicest and safest in the world, have increasingly been transformed into motor vehicular lanes or parking areas, much to the dislike of those who still rely on the bike.

Source: Adapted from China Daily, 2005.
 

 57. 
mc057-1.jpgAccording to this article, which of the following statements describes bicycles in China?
a.
They are the main mode of transportation.
b.
China is the leading manufacturer of bikes.
c.
There are not enough flat places to ride in China.
d.
The government encourages bicycle riding to reduce pollution.
 

 58. 
mc058-1.jpgAs the Chinese increase their auto transportation, it is expected that ____.
a.
the Chinese will face more traffic and pollution problems
b.
Chinese bicycle manufacturing plants will prosper
c.
tourism in China will increase
d.
salaries will rise so that citizens can afford cars
 

 59. 
mc059-1.jpgChinese bicycle riders are unhappy because the government ____.
a.
is making the streets car friendly instead of bicycle friendly
b.
is raising taxes to build new roads
c.
puts environmental issues above bicycle safety
d.
is increasing the cost of gasoline
 

 60. 
mc060-1.jpgHow does China’s government view automobile ownership?
a.
as a sign of progress
c.
as positive for the environment
b.
as a capitalist ploy
d.
as a sign of communism
 
 
nar007-1.jpg
 

 61. 
mc061-1.jpgBy how much is North America’s elderly population expected to grow by 2050?
a.
It is expected to double.
b.
It is expected to triple.
c.
It is expected to grow by about 7 percent.
d.
It is expected to grow by about 21 percent.
 
researc
 

 62. 
mc062-1.jpgSub-Saharan Africa is expected to see ____ by 2050.
a.
a dramatic increase in the percentage of elderly
b.
its elderly population double
c.
a decline in its elderly population
d.
its elderly population reach 10 percent of the total population
 

 63. 
mc063-1.jpgWhat can you conclude about Europe’s population?
a.
People are having fewer children.
c.
Few people live to be 65 years old.
b.
People are having more children.
d.
Health care has declined.
 
 
nar008-1.jpg
 

 64. 
mc064-1.jpgHow did the earliest humans get food?
a.
They grew it along river valleys.
b.
They traded for it.
c.
They stored seeds from one year to the next.
d.
They hunted meat and gathered fruits and vegetables.
 

 65. 
mc065-1.jpgWhen do you think water and steam began to power the first factories?
a.
8000s B.C.
c.
A.D. 1700s
b.
7000s B.C.
d.
A.D. 1900s
 

 66. 
mc066-1.jpgUse the diagram to find a word that means “farming.”
a.
information
c.
agrarian
b.
societies
d.
gatherers
 
 

For Globalization
    One of the main restraints on liberty has always been “the tyranny [unjust use of power] of place.” At its crudest, this has meant restrictions, both political and economic, on where people can live, but it also includes restrictions on where people can go, what they can buy, where they can invest, and what they can read, hear, or see. Globalization by its nature brings down these barriers, and it helps hand the power to choose to the individual.
Source: John Micklethwait and Adrian Wooldridge, A Future Perfect: The Essentials of Globalization.

Against Globalization
    For millions of people, globalization has not worked. Many have been actually worse off, as they have seen their jobs destroyed and their lives become more insecure. They have felt increasingly powerless against forces beyond their control. They have seen their democracies undermined, their cultures eroded.
Source: Joseph Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents.
 

 67. 
mc067-1.jpgThe authors in favor of globalization say that for many people, globalization represents ____.
a.
emigration restrictions
c.
opportunity
b.
language difficulties
d.
all of the above
 

 68. 
mc068-1.jpgAccording to the excerpts, people who favor globalization believe it ____.
a.
gives people more freedom
c.
takes away the burden of choice
b.
ensures success
d.
restrains liberty
 

 69. 
mc069-1.jpgIn the excerpt, why does the author think globalization may “erode cultures”?
a.
People will be forced to learn a new language.
b.
Other influences come into the country and change traditions.
c.
Hostilities between countries may lead to a civil war.
d.
People will emigrate out of their homelands.
 

 70. 
mc070-1.jpgUnder globalization, people may feel they have no control because ____.
a.
they cannot choose which countries to trade with.
b.
they are denied the right to vote.
c.
they have to move where they can find jobs.
d.
they are vulnerable to the policies of trading partners.
 
 
    People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. Traditionally, the reasons encouraging an individual to migrate were categorized as “push” or “pull” factors. Globalization has introduced a third set called "network" factors, which include free flow of information, improved global communication, and faster and lower-cost transportation. While network factors are not a direct cause of migration, they do facilitate it.
    Sociologists have long analyzed migration in terms of the “push-pull” model. This model differentiates between push factors that drive people to leave home, and pull factors that attract migrants to a new location. Push factors occur within sending states—that is, those that send migrants abroad—while pull factors occur within receiving states—that is, states that receive immigrants from sending states abroad. Push factors are negative aspects of the sending country, while pull factors are positive aspects of the receiving country.

Source: Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS).
 

 71. 
mc071-1.jpgAccording to the excerpt, network factors ____ migration by making information and transportation more available.
a.
hinder
c.
cause
b.
help
d.
discourage
 

 72. 
mc072-1.jpgWhich of the following would be a push factor of migration?
a.
dictatorial government
c.
democratic government
b.
high standard of living
d.
job availability
 

 73. 
mc073-1.jpgA German who emigrates to Italy would likely do so because of the pull factor of ____.
a.
climate
c.
language
b.
education
d.
politics
 
 
In the sixth century B.C., a man named Siddhartha Gautama lived in India. He is better known as the Buddha. In his lifetime, he gained thousands of devoted followers. People would come to him seeking to know more about him, asking, “Are you a god?”
“No,” he answered.
“Are you an angel?”
“No.”
“Are you a saint?”
“No.”
“Then what are you?”
The Buddha replied, “I am awake.”
 

 74. 
mc074-1.jpgWhat was the Buddha’s real name?
a.
Confucius
c.
Krishna
b.
Muhammad
d.
Siddhartha Gautama
 

 75. 
mc075-1.jpgWhen and where did the Buddha live?
a.
during the 500s B.C. in India
c.
during the 500s B.C. in China
b.
during the 600s B.C. in India
d.
during the 600s B.C. in China
 

 76. 
mc076-1.jpgBased on the quote, which of the following statements about Buddha is true?
a.
Only after his death did his message spread.
b.
He hungered for power and fame.
c.
He was well known during his lifetime.
d.
He had only a handful of followers at the time of his death.
 

 77. 
mc077-1.jpgWhat do you think the Buddha meant when he said, “I am awake”?
a.
He was awake to suffering.
c.
He had become a saint.
b.
He had seen God.
d.
He understood the meaning of life.
 

Essay
 

 78. 
What are the effects of migration on the home country and the new country?
 

 79. 
Why has globalization not worked for everyone?
 



 
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