Matching
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Match each item with the correct statement below. a. | westerlies | f. | Pangaea | b. | tributary | g. | steppe | c. | contour
plowing | h. | aquifer | d. | continental shelf | i. | climate | e. | lithosphere | j. | Mariana Trench |
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1.
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stream that feeds into a larger river
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2.
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has a dry climate with grasses and shrubs
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3.
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large landmass that at one time was made up of South America and Africa
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4.
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deepest place on Earth
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5.
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technique used to limit the loss of topsoil
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6.
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predictable pattern of weather
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7.
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winds that blow over North America
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8.
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Earth’s crust
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9.
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underground layer of rock through which water flows
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10.
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underwater plateau
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Match each item with the correct statement below. a. | El Niño | f. | leeward | b. | North Atlantic Current | g. | weathering | c. | inner
core | h. | hydrosphere | d. | tornadoes | i. | plateaus | e. | continental
drift | j. | highland
climate |
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11.
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flatlands at high elevations
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12.
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violent, funnel-shaped windstorms
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13.
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caused by tectonic plate movement
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14.
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side of a mountain that receives little rainfall
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15.
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warm waters reach South America’s Pacific coast
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16.
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made up of nickel and iron
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17.
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vegetation changes with altitude
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18.
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water, ice, chemicals, and plants break apart rocks
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19.
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Earth’s surface water and groundwater
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20.
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carries warm water to western Europe
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Multiple Choice
Identify the
choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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21.
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Scientists believe Earth’s inner core is made up of ____.
a. | steel and iron | c. | iron and other minerals | b. | iron and nickel
| d. | magma |
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22.
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What does an isthmus connect?
a. | two larger landmasses | c. | a peninsula to the mainland | b. | two larger bodies of
water | d. | two
continents |
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23.
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What causes volcanoes and earthquakes?
a. | weathering | c. | tectonic movement | b. | Earth’s tilt | d. | ocean currents |
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24.
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Condensation occurs when water ____.
a. | changes from a liquid to a gas | c. | evaporates | b. | collects in rivers,
lakes, and oceans | d. | changes
from gas to a liquid |
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25.
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Where does magma originate?
a. | the inner core | c. | the outer core | b. | the crust | d. | the outer
mantle |
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26.
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Which of the following is directly linked to Earth’s climate?
a. | the moon | c. | the sun | b. | the tides | d. | prevailing
winds |
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27.
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Which human-made chemical in particular destroys the ozone layer?
a. | hydrogen | c. | chlorofluorocarbon | b. | smog | d. | sulfite |
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28.
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Why are scientists concerned that rain forests are being cut down at high
rates?
a. | There is no market for the lumber taken from the forests. | b. | The forests help
replace oxygen in the atmosphere. | c. | People who live in rain forests are being
displaced. | d. | Rain forest habitats are being moved. |
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29.
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Where do most hurricanes occur?
a. | in the western Pacific Ocean | b. | in the western Atlantic and eastern Pacific
Oceans | c. | in the eastern Atlantic Ocean | d. | in the Atlantic and Indian
Oceans |
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30.
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The process by which water is collected and distributed to crops is known as
____.
a. | conservation | c. | hydrospheric action | b. | irrigation | d. | condensation |
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31.
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 What is the subject of this diagram? a. | types of precipitation | c. | how rivers are formed | b. | the water
cycle | d. | how erosion
occurs |
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32.
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 What does the letter D signify? a. | transpiration | c. | surface runoff | b. | groundwater | d. | precipitation |
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33.
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 Which letter signifies evaporation?
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Typhoon Nock-Ten hammered Taiwan with heavy rains and strong winds on October
25, 2004, killing at least four, according to media reports. Heavy rains drenched northeastern
Taiwan, triggering extensive flooding. Though the winds had dropped to about 100 miles per hour when
the storm blew ashore, at its height, Nock-Ten’s maximum sustained winds reached 127 miles per
hour with stronger gusts. Nock-Ten, which means “bird” in Laotian, was the sixth typhoon
to strike Taiwan in 2004.
Source: Earth Observatory, NASA.
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/shownh.php3?img_id=12554. | |
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34.
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 Where did Nock-Ten strike? a. | western Atlantic Ocean | c. | western Pacific Ocean | b. | eastern Atlantic
Ocean | d. | eastern Pacific
Ocean |
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35.
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 Maximum sustained winds during Nock-Ten reached
____. a. | 127 miles per hour | c. | 170 miles per hour | b. | 204 miles per hour | d. | 100 miles per
hour |
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36.
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 Which of the following statements is supported by
the excerpt? a. | Typhoons are unusual in Southeast Asia. | b. | Typhoons are
unpredictable in South Asia. | c. | Typhoons strike East Asia fairly
often. | d. | Typhoons are violent windstorms that form over land. |
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37.
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The Ring of Fire surrounds the ____.
a. | inner core | c. | Pacific Ocean | b. | San Andreas Fault | d. | Tropics |
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38.
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The Andes of South America were created by the collision of ____.
a. | two continental plates | c. | two oceanic plates | b. | two continental shelves | d. | continental and oceanic
plates |
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39.
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What percentage of Earth’s water is salt water?
a. | 97 percent | c. | 3 percent | b. | 96 percent | d. | 70 percent |
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40.
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The place where a river empties into another body of water is called its
____.
a. | mouth | c. | source | b. | delta | d. | estuary |
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41.
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What is evaporation?
a. | Water turns from a gas into a liquid. | b. | Water falls as rain, snow, or
hail. | c. | Surface water runs into lakes and seas. | d. | Water turns from a
liquid into a gas. |
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42.
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All of the following are biomes EXCEPT ____.
a. | rain forest | c. | rain shadow | b. | desert | d. | tundra |
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43.
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Winds that blow from east to west between the Tropics and the Equator are called
____.
a. | westerlies | c. | La Niña | b. | prevailing winds | d. | trade winds |
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44.
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What is the name for the collection of plants and animals of all types that live
on Earth?
a. | biodiversity | c. | the biosphere | b. | the hydrosphere | d. | an ecosystem |
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45.
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Why is the presence of ozone in the atmosphere important?
a. | It forms a shield against the damaging rays of the sun. | b. | It affects the
amount of rainfall in any given region. | c. | Vitamins are absorbed into the body as a result
of the ozone layer. | d. | The ozone layer holds down the level of air
pollution. |
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46.
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Why do urban areas have higher temperatures?
a. | More people emit body heat in urban areas than in rural areas. | b. | Larger buildings
cause wind shifts that affect the temperature. | c. | Buildings and pavement absorb and reflect the
sun’s heat. | d. | Plants and animals in rural areas absorb more
heat. |
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World Climate Zones
Category | Subcategory | Characteristics | Vegetation | Example | | High Latitude |
A
| Short, mild
summers; cold winters | Coniferous forests | Most of Alaska and Canada; western
Russia | | Midlatitude | Marine west
coast | Cool summers, mild winters; ample rainfall | Deciduous or evergreen forests |
B
| | Dry | Steppe | Temperatures can be warm or mild; rainfall low and
unreliable | Grasses, shrubs | Western Great Plains; Sahel region south of the Sahara
(Africa) | | Tropical | Tropical
savanna | Warm temperatures throughout year; dry winter |
C
| Southern half of Brazil; eastern Africa | | | | | |
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47.
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 Which of the following should be in the chart cell
marked A? a. | subarctic | c. | tundra | b. | ice cap | d. | highlands |
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48.
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 Which of the following should be in the chart cell
marked B? a. | Amazon Basin | c. | Southeastern United States | b. | Sonoran
Desert | d. | Northwestern
Europe |
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49.
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 Which of the following should be in the chart cell
marked C? a. | dense rain forests | c. | mixed forests | b. | grasslands dotted by scattered
trees | d. | low-lying grasses and
mosses |
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| With no moving air to lift the sails, ships were stranded for weeks in
the hot, still weather. Meanwhile, food supplies dwindled and spoiled as the ships sat. To lighten
the load so the ships could take advantage of the slightest breeze, sailors would toss supplies
overboard, including livestock. This practice gave rise to the name by which the calm areas at the
edge of the Tropics are known—the horse latitudes. | |
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50.
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 According to this quote, why were the ships
stranded? a. | There were no sea breezes. | c. | They carried too many
horses. | b. | Their engines failed. | d. | They had no sails. |
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51.
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 How can you tell that this quote is describing an
earlier historical period? a. | Ships are crossing the ocean. | b. | Ships are carrying cargo. | c. | The ships rely on
wind currents and sails. | d. | The temperature is hot in the
Tropics. |
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52.
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 Where are the horse latitudes located? a. | near 60°N latitude | b. | near the westerlies | c. | near the Tropic of
Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn | d. | along the
Equator |
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The San Andreas Fault is the sliding boundary between the Pacific Plate
and the North American Plate. It slices California in two from Cape Mendocino to the Mexican border.
San Diego, Los Angeles, and Big Sur are on the Pacific Plate. San Francisco, Sacramento, and the
Sierra Nevada are on the North American Plate. And despite San Francisco’s legendary 1906
earthquake, the San Andreas Fault does not go through the city. But communities [that] lie
squarely on the fault are sitting ducks.
The plates are slowly moving past each
other a couple of inches a year. But this is not a steady motion; it is the average motion. For
years, the plates will be locked with no movement at all as they push against each other. Suddenly,
the built-up strain breaks the rock along the fault, and the plates slip a few feet all at once. The
breaking rock sends out waves in all directions, and it is the waves that we feel as earthquakes.
Source: geology.com/articles/san-andreas-fault.shtml. | |
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53.
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 The Pacific and North American Plates move
____. a. | sporadically | c. | every 10 years | b. | a couple inches a year | d. | continually |
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54.
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 Where did a legendary earthquake occur in the early
20th century? a. | Los Angeles | c. | San Francisco | b. | San Diego | d. | Sacramento |
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55.
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 According to the excerpt, moving fault lines cause
____. a. | plate tectonics | c. | cracks | b. | volcanoes | d. | waves |
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56.
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 California cities that are located on the ____ are
at the greatest risk of an earthquake. a. | fault lines | c. | Pacific Plate | b. | North American Plate | d. | Sierra Nevada |
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57.
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 The San Andreas Fault runs from Cape Mendocino to
____. a. | Oregon | c. | Arizona | b. | Nevada | d. | Mexico |
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58.
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 Which plate is located along the western edge of
South America? a. | South American Place | c. | Scotia Plate | b. | Nazca Plate | d. | Caribbean Plate |
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59.
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 What name is given to the plates surrounding the
Pacific Ocean? a. | Ring of Fire | c. | Fiery Plates | b. | Volcanic Ring | d. | Fiery Pacific |
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60.
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 The map indicates that ____ develop along fault
lines. a. | fires | c. | volcanoes | b. | tsunamis | d. | plate tectonics |
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61.
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 On which plate is Russia located? a. | Philippine Plate | c. | Eurasian Plate | b. | Siberian Plate | d. | Russian Plate |
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62.
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 According to the diagram, ____ fills the spaces
between grains of sand. a. | salt | c. | water | b. | mud | d. | gravel |
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63.
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 An aquifer is usually located ____. a. | below the rock layer | c. | above a spring | b. | between the rock and clay
layers | d. | above the clay
layer |
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64.
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 Water for the aquifer originates ____. a. | from major rivers | c. | from the ground | b. | from dams | d. | from canals |
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El Niño
When a pool of water gets hot, the surface
begins to evaporate quickly, adding moisture and heat to the air above it. The hot air rises and
carries the moisture with it. This process is known as convection. Once the moist, hot air rises and
begins to cool, the process of precipitation begins. This cycle is perfectly normal and happens over
warm ocean water all of the time.
So why is El Niño a problem? Normally,
the hot water gathers in the western tropical Pacific Ocean where the ecosystem has adapted to the
heavy rains that result. During El Niño, the hot water gathers in the eastern tropical Pacific
Ocean where the climate, geography, and people are not prepared for the unusual weather
events.
Source: Franklin Institute,
www.fi.edu/weather/nino/science.html. | |
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65.
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 The rising of hot, moist air is called ____. a. | convection | c. | fog | b. | precipitation | d. | smog |
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66.
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 This excerpt tells us that the ____ in the western
Pacific and eastern Pacific are different. a. | latitudes | c. | climates | b. | fish | d. | people |
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67.
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 ____ occurs when hot air rises and then
cools. a. | Smog | c. | Convection | b. | Fog | d. | Precipitation |
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68.
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 From this excerpt, you can conclude that the eastern
Pacific Ocean normally has ____. a. | cool ocean currents | c. | tropical ocean currents | b. | warm ocean
currents | d. | hot ocean
currents |
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69.
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 A desert is most likely to form on the ____ side of
a mountain. a. | leeward | c. | jagged | b. | windward | d. | exterior |
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70.
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 Which type of air normally blows from the ocean
toward a mountain? a. | dry | c. | warm, moist | b. | tropical | d. | cold |
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71.
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 The diagram shows how rain shadows can affect
____. a. | oceans | c. | altitude | b. | mountain ranges | d. | climate |
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72.
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 If you lived near the Great Lakes of North America,
which type of wind current would you experience? a. | polar easterlies | c. | northeasterly trade winds | b. | prevailing
westerlies | d. | southeasterly
trade winds |
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73.
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 Calm winds are called ____. a. | westerlies | c. | doldrums | b. | trade winds | d. | northeasterlies |
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74.
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 Winds that blow in the Tropics are called
____. a. | westerlies | c. | doldrums | b. | northeasterlies | d. | trade winds |
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75.
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 What type of winds are the southeasterly trade
winds? a. | high latitude | c. | middle latitude | b. | cold wind | d. | warm wind |
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76.
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 The layer directly below the oceanic and continental
crusts is ____. a. | semi-rigid | c. | flowing | b. | semi-flowing | d. | rigid |
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77.
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 The ocean, oceanic crust, and continental crust are
part of the ____. a. | lithosphere | c. | asthenosphere | b. | atmosphere | d. | mohorovicic
discontinuity |
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Essay
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78.
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What is the meaning of El Niño? What happens during an El Niño
event?
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79.
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How were the Himalaya formed?
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